Dynamics of Immunological and Biochemical Markers Depends on the Severity and Time after Symptoms Onset of COVID-19 – Single Centre Analysis

Abstract

More than three years after the first wave of COVID-19, the biomarkers responsible for the course of this disease continue to be debated. Moreover, the new condition, long COVID, poses many unsolved questions. Therefore, we decided to perform a complex analysis of immune and biochemical parameters in patients with different severity of COVID-19. Eighty-five adult patients with RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection hospitalized in the period April-November, 2020, were enrolled in the study. Extended immunological and biochemical parameters were analyzed in different time points after symptoms onset of COVID-19. Our results demonstrated that severe patients present with increased CRP, ferritin, D-dimer and NLR, decreased counts of lymphocytes, total T lymphocytes and major T-cell subsets, increased proportions of activated T cells, Tregs and Bregs. Markers of immune response dysfunction combined with hematological, inflammatory and coagulation indicators may be more informative for predicting severe COVID-19. Moreover, the changes and dynamics of immunological and biochemical biomarkers depend on the severity and time after COVID-19 symptoms onset.